The ideal adjuvant is one that able to aid in early stimulation of the humeral immune response, and to promote the production of high antibody titers that would persist for long duration as well as stimulate the cellular immune response. This immunological study was conducted to reveal the aluminum hydroxide gel effect with the use of oil adjuvants on the immune response of polyvalent foot and mouth disease (FMD) vaccine in sheep. Twenty five sheep, were divided to five group (five animals/group) where the 1st group was vaccinated with polyvalent FMD ISA 206 oil vaccine, 2nd group was vaccinated with polyvalent FMD ISA 206 + aluminum hydroxide gel vaccine, 3rd group was vaccinated with polyvalent ISA 201 oil vaccine, 4th group was vaccinated with polyvalent ISA 201 + aluminum hydroxide gel vaccine, 5th group was kept as a negative control (non-vaccinated). Blood and Serum samples were collected from vaccinated animals for monitoring the cellular and humeral immune responses. The results showed that sheep groups immunized with the vaccine prepared with ISA 201with aluminum hydroxide gel is considered the best cellular and humeral immunity post vaccinal response then ISA 201 followed by ISA 206 with aluminum hydroxide gel and the last one is the vaccine prepared with ISA 206 alone.It can be concluded that, ISA oils with aluminum hydroxide gel induce the best cellular and humeral immunity.

The ideal adjuvant is one that able to aid in early stimulation of the humeral immune response, and to promote the production of high antibody titers that would persist for long duration as well as stimulate the cellular immune response. This immunological study was conducted to reveal the aluminum hydroxide gel effect with the use of oil adjuvants on the immune response of polyvalent foot and mouth disease (FMD) vaccine in sheep. Twenty five sheep, were divided to five group (five animals/group) where the 1st group was vaccinated with polyvalent FMD ISA 206 oil vaccine, 2nd group was vaccinated with polyvalent FMD ISA 206 + aluminum hydroxide gel vaccine, 3rd group was vaccinated with polyvalent ISA 201 oil vaccine, 4th group was vaccinated with polyvalent ISA 201 + aluminum hydroxide gel vaccine, 5th group was kept as a negative control (non-vaccinated). Blood and Serum samples were collected from vaccinated animals for monitoring the cellular and humeral immune responses. The results showed that sheep groups immunized with the vaccine prepared with ISA 201with aluminum hydroxide gel is considered the best cellular and humeral immunity post vaccinal response then ISA 201 followed by ISA 206 with aluminum hydroxide gel and the last one is the vaccine prepared with ISA 206 alone.It can be concluded that, ISA oils with aluminum hydroxide gel induce the best cellular and humeral immunity.

Endophthalmitis is one of the most devastating diagnoses in veterinary and human ophthalmology. Ocular ultrasound is an effective and non-invasive technique used for evaluating the structures of the eye and the surrounding tissues, especially when the development of ocular opacities in conditions such as corneal disease, uveitis, cataracts or trauma prevent or limit the use of ophthalmoscopy and slit-lamp biomicroscopy. The present study aimed to evaluate the ultrasonographic characteristics of endophthalmitis in cats and to assess the usefulness of ultrasonography in the selection of treatment methods in such cases. Sixty cats (90 eyes) of different breeds were presented with bilateral (30 cats) and unilateral (30 cats; OD=10, OS=20) endophthalmitis. The mean age ± SEM at the initial presentation was 13.46±1.69 months (range, 2 - 72 months). After a thorough ophthalmic examination, the ultrasonographic evaluation using a high frequency (7.5-10 MHz) micro-convex probe was conducted to evaluate the concurrent ocular abnormalities in the anterior and posterior eye segments. After completing the ultrasonographic examination, the treatment protocol was applied. It was concluded that ocular ultrasonographic evaluation was found suitable in the diagnosis of endophthalmitis in cats and for the selection of the treatment protocol.

This study presents a local isolate of fowl pox virus (FPV) isolated and propagated from backyard naturally infected laying hens in El-Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, during the period of January to November 2017. Isolation and propagation were carried out from collected skin lesions on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) with obtained 4th passage virus titers 4.0 Log10 EID50/ml at the in CAM and 3.5 Log10 TCID50/ml in CEF respectively. They showed characteristic pock lesions of FPV and cytopathic effect (CPE) of FPV at the 3rd passage on CAM and CEF, respectively. Virus neutralization test (VNT) results confirmed that the obtained isolate is FPV. Molecular characterization of (Sharkia2017/VSVRI) was performed with Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify 578 bp of P4b (fpv167) gene and 1150 bp of fpv140 gene. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of both genes confirmed the relatedness of (Sharkia2017/VSVRI) isolate to sub-clade A1 of fowl pox viruses with 99.7-100% identity to fowl pox virus sequences published in GenBank.This study reports the antigenic and genomic characterization of the locally isolated FPV (Sharkia2017/VSVRI) using VNT and PCR confirmed by sequence analysis to help in the production of FPV tissue culture vaccine from the obtained local FPV after confirming its immune response as a candidate vaccine.

Sarcoptic mange is a common, zoonotic and important disease facing camel farming systems with grave economic losses. The present study was applied to estimate the effect of sarcoptic mange on clinical condition, hematobiochemical criteria and trace-element status among camels in Egypt. A total number of thirty dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) were investigated in the present study. The animals were divided into fourteen diseased camels affected with sarcoptic mange and sixteen apparently healthy camels. Complete case history and clinical examination included respiration, pulse rates and body temperature was applied. The main clinical manifestations included over thickening of the skin with scales, fissuring, intense itching, unthriftiness, weight loss, and debility. Clinical examination showed significant increase (P=0.05) and (P=0.01) for respiration and pulse rates respectively in affected camels. Hematological analysis in diseased camels showed a significant decrease in PCV (P=0.05), Hb (P=0.001), RBCs count (P=0.01), MCHC (P=0.001) and relative (%) lymphocytic level (P=0.001) while significant increase was recorded for MCV (P=0.01), TLC (P=0.01), relative (%) neutrophils (P=0.001) and eosinophils levels (P=0.01). Results of biochemical constituents in affected camels showed a significant decrease (P=0.001) in total protein, albumin, glucose and zinc levels while A/G ratio showed significant (P=0.01) decrease. Both serum total iron and copper levels showed a significant (P=0.05) decrease in diseased camels compared to healthy camels. Skin swab samples revealed Staphylococcus spp. in the majority of mange infected cases indicating secondary pyoderma. In conclusion, sarcoptic mange had a deleterious effect on physical, hematobiochemical condition and trace-element status in camels.

This study aims to employ urine as an easily accessible sample for the detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Thus, a periodic scan can be applied easily to reach an efficient control of the disease. A total of 86 different samples collected from 30 animals (dams n=23 and calves n=7) were raised in a farm with 1,200 cattle in the El-Fayoum district in Egypt with a case history of abortions were used for this study. All samples were subjected to virological investigation using indirect fluorescent antibody technique (IFAT) and virus neutralization tests (VNT) to detect BVDV. Isolation of the virus was achieved using MDBK cells. The isolates were confirmed using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The BVDV was detected in nasal swabs in 63.33% and 70% using IFAT and VNT. In urine samples, the virus was detected with 46.66% and 43.33% by IFAT and VNT, respectively. BVDV was detected in most of the tissues of aborted fetuses in both techniques. Vaginal swabs revealed positive results in 53.85% and 61.54% by IFAT and VNT, respectively. Isolates were confirmed by RT-PCR by successful amplification of 288bp. Statistical analysis revealed good correlation of urine samples and other samples. In conclusion, the BVDV virus can be isolated from urine samples. To the best of our knowledge, this is the ?rst work that provides an overview of urine usability as an alternative sample for BVD virus diagnostics in Egypt. The recommendation for further studies should elucidate on a large scale population.

Sarcoptic mange is a common, zoonotic and important disease facing camel farming systems with grave economic losses. The present study was applied to estimate the effect of sarcoptic mange on clinical condition, hematobiochemical criteria and trace-element status among camels in Egypt. A total number of thirty dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) were investigated in the present study. The animals were divided into fourteen diseased camels affected with sarcoptic mange and sixteen apparently healthy camels. Complete case history and clinical examination included respiration, pulse rates and body temperature was applied. The main clinical manifestations included over thickening of the skin with scales, fissuring, intense itching, unthriftiness, weight loss, and debility. Clinical examination showed significant increase (P=0.05) and (P=0.01) for respiration and pulse rates respectively in affected camels. Hematological analysis in diseased camels showed a significant decrease in PCV (P=0.05), Hb (P=0.001), RBCs count (P=0.01), MCHC (P=0.001) and relative (%) lymphocytic level (P=0.001) while significant increase was recorded for MCV (P=0.01), TLC (P=0.01), relative (%) neutrophils (P=0.001) and eosinophils levels (P=0.01). Results of biochemical constituents in affected camels showed a significant decrease (P=0.001) in total protein, albumin, glucose and zinc levels while A/G ratio showed significant (P=0.01) decrease. Both serum total iron and copper levels showed a significant (P=0.05) decrease in diseased camels compared to healthy camels. Skin swab samples revealed Staphylococcus spp. in the majority of mange infected cases indicating secondary pyoderma. In conclusion, sarcoptic mange had a deleterious effect on physical, hematobiochemical condition and trace-element status in camels.

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a respiratory tract disease affecting chickens worldwide. The disease leads to severe production losses due to increased mortality, decreased egg production, and delayed body weight gain, causing enormous economic losses to the poultry industry. ILT is controlled through vaccination with live-modified attenuated vaccines of chicken embryo origin (CEO) and/or the tissue-culture origin (TCO). This study was conducted to develop Specific Pathogenic Free (SPF) egg-adapted live attenuated ILT vaccine from the field strain Fayoum_2018 isolated from broilers in Fayoum Province, Egypt in 2018. The isolate Fayoum_2018 with accession number (MN082684) was characterized molecularly as a TCO vaccine related strain. Measurement of immunity in vaccinated chicks employing the potency test revealed that chicks vaccinated with 0.5 ml of prepared ILT vaccine exhibited ELISA with 1905 antibody titer at 2nd-week post-vaccination, which was considered an ILT adequate immune response and increased till reach 3497 antibody titer at 6th week post-vaccination. The current work revealed that Fayoum_2018 ILTV egg adapted live attenuated vaccine produced a satisfactory antibodies titer that was efficient in controlling the ILT field infection in Egypt.

Numerous surgical affections are common among sheep and goats in different localities all over the world which may cause economic losses and most of these affections are curable. Neglection or late interventions to relieve such disorders lead to massive complications that may be ended by animal culling. The present review aims to illustrate the common surgical disorders in the sheep and goats to facilitate the prevention, control, diagnosis and surgical interventions of such conditions. This review classified the surgical affections systematically and they were stated as surgical affections of the sheep and goats’ skin, digestive, urogenital, musculoskeletal, respiratory and nervous systems in addition to surgical affections of sense organs and abdominal wall. Categorizing of such affections gives broad scope for veterinarians and researchers specialized in small ruminant practice to study their incidence and geographic distributions in relation to affections predisposing risk factors scientifically.

Heavy metals contamination is a serious problem in the aquatic environment. Some of them are very important, having biological roles for aquatic organisms, and called essential heavy metals. In contrast, other heavy metals are considered harmful even at low concentrations. The toxic levels of heavy metals may be of agricultural, industrial and mining activities. This will cause water pollution and changes in the physicochemical characteristics of the aquatic environment. This pollution has deleterious toxic effects on fish and raises concerns over its potential impact on human health. The most common heavy metals are arsenic, chromium, lead and mercury, which affect human health and are considered systemic toxicants. These metals induce organ damage even at low levels of exposure and according to the US Environmental protection agency and international agency for research on cancer, they classified as carcinogens. For all the above reasons, this review was written to contribute to heavy metals role in the environment, toxic mechanism and toxic effects on fish.

The present study aimed to investigate the cryoprotective effect of different combinations of glycerol (G), dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and dimethylformamide (DMF) with chicken egg yolk (CEY) and duck egg yolk (DEY) on freezability of buffalo spermatozoa. Semen samples were collected from 4 buffalo bulls and diluted with Tris-based extender supplemented with 7% (V/V) cryoprotectant including G, DMSO, DMF or a mixture of 3.5% G + 3.5% DMSO, 3.5% G + 3.5% DMF and 3.5% DMSO + 3.5% DMF. All the fore-mentioned aliquots were divided into two equal portions; one is supplemented with chicken egg yolk (CEY) and the other with duck egg yolk (DEY). Post-thawing sperm motility, viability and acrosomal, plasmatic membrane and DNA integrities were assessed. The results clearly indicated that adding a mixture of 3.5% G + 3.5% DMSO with DEY to Tris extender significantly improved (p<0.01) post-thawing sperm motility, viability index and percentage of spermatozoa with intact acrosomes, plasma membrane and DNA (58.33%±1.66%, 173.33±5.46, 69.00±1.58%, 65.00±1.15% and 96.91±0.13%, respectively) compared with the use of 7% G and CEY (51.50±1.44%, 146.25±6.49, 61.00±2.30, 58.00±1.15% and 91.40±0.17, respectively). In conclusion, motility and functional integrity of cryopreserved buffalo spermatozoa could be enhanced by using Tris extender containing a mixture of 3.5% glycerol + 3.5% DMSO with duck egg yolk.

One of the effective recommendation for control of Foot and Mouth disease virus is the proper vaccination by a highly potent vaccine. Such a vaccine should be specific to the circulated field serotype of foot and mouth disease virus inducing rapid, highly protective immunity with a long duration. This research is concerned with using plant extracted oil adjuvants prepared from rapeseed oil mixed with or without Ginseng extracts and from Soybean oil as well with or without Ginseng extracts. Some humoral and cellular immune responses were compared using the different plant-extracted oils and the mineral-based adjuvant called Montanide oil ISA 206 after one dose vaccination of the prepared vaccines at different interval times post vaccinations. Lymphocyte blastogenesis, Interleukin-6, and Interleukin-12 showed higher expression in calves vaccinated by FMDV serotypes (O pan Asia, A Iran O5, and SAT2 / EGY/2012) with plant extract oil containing Ginseng extract comparable to that of plant extracts without Ginseng and Montanide oil ISA 206 adjuvants vaccines. It was found that FMD vaccine adjuvant with ginseng either with rapeseed or Soybean showed a higher post vaccinal cellular immune response than that without ginseng or ISA 206 alone. Estimation of the humoral immune response of vaccinated calves revealed that antibody against FMD virus serotypes O pan Asia, A Iran O5 and SAT2 / EGY/2012 by SNT and ELISA assay induced by the inactivated FMD adjuvant with rapeseed oil and ginseng vaccine and the inactivated FMD adjuvant with soybean oil and ginseng vaccine were higher than those induced by inactivated FMD adjuvant with Montanide oils 206. In contrast, the obtained antibody levels by the inactivated FMD adjuvant with rapeseed oil vaccine and inactivated FMD adjuvant with soybean oil vaccine was lower than those induced by inactivated FMD adjuvant with Montanide oils 206. So, it could be concluded that the use of plant origin oil adjuvant as rapeseed and soybean oil is considered a beneficial and alternative adjuvant to the imported mineral oil as it is much cheaper and induce better post vaccinal immune responses especially when mixed with ginseng extract.

In a trail to improve rabies vaccines immunogenicity, water-soluble acrylic acid (carbopol) was used as an adjuvant in the prepared vaccine. The potency test of the National Institute of Health revealed that the prepared vaccine is potent and efficient. Studying the dynamics of serum antibody in vaccinated dogs using serum neutralizing antibodies test and ELISA showed that antibody titer (0.9 and 1.2352 respectively) reached a level considered protective within two weeks and increased till lasted consist ant (2.4 and 2.694) during the experiment for about twenty-four weeks. In conclusion, the present study results indicated that the vaccine formulated according to this study procedure could provoke long-lasting protective immune response after a single dose administration without any adverse reaction.